区域土地利用变化对土壤磷含量的影响评价研究

研究土壤磷含量的时空演变规律对改善土地管理水平和提高土壤质量具有重要的指导作用。文章选取江苏省原锡山市作为研究区域,以1982年和2005年土壤全磷和速效磷含量作为研究对象,研究探讨土地利用变化对土壤磷含量的影响,进而表明人类活动对生态系统和环境的影响。通过统计分析表明,20年来原锡山市土壤全磷含量降低0.48g·kg-1,土壤速效磷含量升高26.16mg·kg-1。通过变异函数分析,20年来原锡山市全磷和速效磷的变异函数理论模型都是指数型,但块金方差与基台值的比值、自相关阀值发生了较大变化;Kriging插值分析结果表明,1982年全磷和速效磷的分布比较简单;2005年全磷分布较为简单,土壤速效磷分布较为复杂。Kriging插值分析还表明,20年来原锡山市土壤全磷含量降低,空间变异显著;土壤速效磷含量升高,空间变异显著。     

Effect of low-molecular weight organic acids on phosphorus release and phytoavailabilty of phosphorus in phosphate rocks added to soils

Phosphorus (P) is critically needed to improve soil fertility in many parts of the world. The use of water-soluble P fertilizers, e.g., single super-phosphate and triple super-phosphate in developing countries to improve crop production has been limited primarily by their high cost. The presence of indigenous phosphate deposits in some countries provides an incentive for direct application or local chemical treatment at low cost to improve the solubility of low reactive phosphate rocks (PRs). The use of naturally occurring low-molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) that are produced in soil as microbial metabolites or plant exudates from dead or living cells represents a new perspective in PR research. The LMWOAs contain various functional groups that may play a significant role in PR dissolution. Little information is available, however, about the potential of LMWOAs in releasing P from PRs. This study reports P release from 12 PRs, four each of low, medium, and high reactivity, obtained from various deposits (Kodjari, Tahoua, North Carolina, Gafsa, Khouribga, Tilemsi Valley, Central Florida, Sechura, Minjingu, North Florida, Hahotoe, and Parc W) using nine LMWOAs containing mono-, di-, and tri-carboxylic groups and a mineral acid (H₂SO₄). Laboratory studies showed that the organic acids are effective in releasing P from low and medium reactive PRs, but very ineffective in releasing P from high reactive PRs. The average amounts of P released by all the organic acids from the three types of PRs were 65.5 mmol kg⁻¹ PR from the low reactive PRs, 55.1 mmol kg⁻¹ from the medium, and 11.1 mmol kg⁻¹ from the high; those released from across all the PRs were 21.9 by the mono-carboxylic acid group, 54.2 by the di-carboxylic acid group, and 57.0 mmol P kg⁻¹ by the tri-carboxylic acid group. The P released was negatively correlated with the equilibrium pH, but positively correlated with Ca released from the PRs. Laboratory incubation studies on the release of P from PRs added to soils with or without organic acids and incubated at 25 °C for 15, 30, and 45 days showed that the percentage of plant-available P released varied considerably from 0.95 in the Kodjari PR to 40.1% in the North Carolina PR and was related to PR reactivity. A greenhouse study with corn (Zea mays L.) grown for 60 days on soils treated with PRs or with PRs mixed with organic acids showed that corn response to addition of oxalic or citric acid varied with P rates and PR sources, suggesting that organic acids have potential as amendments for increasing plant-available P in PR-treated soils.     

施灰田土壤及所产蔬菜铀、钍和钾、钼、镁、锌含量变化及影响评价

U和Th是放射性元素,K、Fe、Mo、Mg和Zn是植物生长需要的必要营养元素。粉煤灰中U、Th、Fe和Mo的含量略高于空白土壤中Fe和Mo的含量,K、Mg和Zn的含量低于空白土壤中K、Mg和Zn的含量。掺施粉煤灰并没有引起施灰土壤及所产蔬菜中各元素含量的明显变化。与国家土壤环境质量标准及食品、卫生标准的限值相比,施灰土壤及所产蔬菜的U、Th、K、Fe、Mo、Mg和Zn的含量均在正常范围内波动。     

Effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza: Evaluation of growth parameters, pigment contents and antioxidant enzyme activities

Plants are essential components of all ecosystems and play a critical role in environmental fate of nanoparticles. However, the toxicological impacts of nanoparticles on plants are not well documented. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) are produced worldwide in large quantities for a wide range of purposes. In the present study, the uptake of TiO₂-NPs by the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrrhiza and the consequent effects on the plant were evaluated. Initially, structural and morphological characteristics of the used TiO₂-NPs were determined using XRD, SEM, TEM and BET techniques. As a result, an anatase structure with the average crystalline size of 8nm was confirmed for the synthesized TiO₂-NPs. Subsequently, entrance of TiO₂-NP_S to plant roots was verified by fluorescence microscopic images. Activity of a number of antioxidant enzymes, as well as, changes in growth parameters and photosynthetic pigment contents as physiological indices were assessed to investigate the effects of TiO₂-NPs on S. polyrrhiza. The increasing concentration of TiO₂-NPs led to the significant decrease in all of the growth parameters and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities. The activity of superoxide dismutase enhanced significantly by the increasing concentration of TiO₂-NPs. Enhancement of superoxide dismutase activity could be explained as promoting antioxidant system to scavenging the reactive oxygen species. In contrast, the activity of peroxidase was notably decreased in the treated plants. Reduced peroxidase activity could be attributed to either direct effect of these particles on the molecular structure of the enzyme or plant defense system damage due to reactive oxygen species.     

海南新村湾海菖蒲TN和TP含量时空变化及其对营养负荷的响应

以海南新村湾海草床优势种之一的海菖蒲(Enhalus acoroides)为研究对象,于2005年7月、10月和2006年1月,分3个季度对网箱养殖区、中间过渡区和对照区海菖蒲不同组织的TN、TP含量的时空变化特征进行了研究,初步探讨了其对营养负荷的响应。结果表明:(1)新村湾海水和沉积物间隙水DIN含量,呈现出网箱养殖区中间过渡区对照区的显著趋势。(2)海菖蒲根、茎和叶在3个季度中的TN含量范围分别为:0.576%~1.544%、0.803%~2.480%和1.796%~3.200%;TP含量分别为:0.053%~0.175%、0.073%~0.197%和0.183%~0.413%。(3)海菖蒲不同组织TN、TP含量,均显示叶茎根的显著趋势;海菖蒲不同组织TN含量呈现秋、冬季夏季的趋势,TP含量随季节变化趋势各有不同。(4)海菖蒲根和叶的TN含量,有由网箱养殖区向对照区递减的趋势,与其所在样区海水和沉积物间隙水DIN含量呈显著正相关;海菖蒲TP含量,普遍显示出网箱养殖区比中间过渡区和对照区显著大的趋势,但与海水和间隙水PO4-P的含量没有明显的关系。(5)N/P计算结果表明,新村湾海菖蒲的生长主要受N的限制。     

松针生理性质对其富集多环芳烃行为的影响

测定了雪松(Cedrus deodar)和黑松(Pinus thunbergii)松针的脂含量、气孔密度和比表面积等生理性质及松针中多环芳烃 (PAHs)浓度,考察了松针生理性质对其富集PAHs行为的影响.结果表明,雪松松针中PAHs浓度高于黑松,其平均总浓度(ΣPAHs)分别为(1101±692)ng/g和(518±339)ng/g,2种松针对PAHs的富集能力有较大差异,脂含量是决定松针富集PAHs量的首要因素.2种松针中PAHs组成均以3环和4环PAHs为主,分别占ΣPAHs的56%和31%以上.松针对于3环PAHs的富集能力强于4环PAHs,两者浓度差异约为2倍左右;对于5、6环PAHs,未发现其浓度与脂含量之间的相关关系.由于雪松和黑松松针的脂含量随比表面积具有不同的变化趋势,2种松针中PAHs浓度随比表面积的变化趋势相反.对于5、6环PAHs,松针比表面积和气孔密度对其浓度有显著影响.     

氯对模拟管壁生物膜的氧化特性研究

以载片上培养的大肠杆菌生物膜为对象,研究了氯对模拟管壁生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果,同时考察氯氧化生物膜后水中生物可同化有机碳(AOC)、生物可利用磷(MAP)和细菌生长潜能(BRP)的变化情况.结果表明,氯可以有效灭活悬浮态的大肠杆菌,而对生物膜中的大肠杆菌的灭活效率远低于悬浮菌;在相同CT值下,较高浓度的氯对悬浮态和生物膜中大肠杆菌的灭活效果要高于低浓度的氯.氯对生物膜的氧化作用会使生物膜中物质溶出,增加了水中AOC和MAP浓度,如当氯的浓度为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100 mg·min/L)时,水中AOC由20.78 μg/L增加到120.17 μg/L,MAP含量由0.11 μg/L增加到0.17 μg/L;氯的氧化作用会增加水的细菌生长潜能（BRP）,BRP随着CT值的增加而增加,如当氯投量为1.0 mg/Ｌ(CT值为100　mg·min/L)时,BRP可达到1.10×10⁷ CFU/mL.     

山地草甸退化对土壤速效养分的影响

以江西省武功山草甸为研究对象,分析不同海拔高度(1 600~1 900m)和不同土层(0~20cm和20~40cm)的草甸土壤有机质、p H值和速效养分对草甸退化的响应。结果表明:(1)在武功山草甸区各个海拔,草甸退化均使土壤有机质和速效养分含量有所下降,并且对表层土的影响要大于深层土。(2)草甸退化使得碱解氮和速效磷间的相关性减弱,速效钾和碱解氮、有效磷之间的相关性加强,土壤p H值与碱解氮之间由不显著相关变为极显著负相关(R=-0.637,P0.01)。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地下水中锰的不确定度评定

本文对电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地下水中锰含量的不确定度进行了评定,标准曲线采用双误差拟合法,建立了不确定度评定模型,对测定地下水样品中锰含量的不确定度作了评估。     

不同流域水陆过渡带氮磷有效态的特征对比及环境意义

为了解不同流域水陆过渡带氮磷的分布特征及其环境意义,对闽江上游、太湖西部和洪泽湖西部这3个研究区土壤及沉积物氮磷的总量和有效态特征进行了研究,分析了自然环境与人类活动方式对区域环境差异的影响.结果表明,太湖西部研究区土壤氮磷总量均高于其他两个流域,洪泽湖西部研究区沉积物氮磷含量均高于土壤.研究区有效态氮磷的分布趋势整体与总氮总磷分布趋势一致,太湖西部与洪泽湖西部的有效态氮磷占比高于闽江上游流域,沉积物有效态氮磷占比高于土壤.土壤及沉积物理化性质如pH值、有机质及铁铝氧化物对氮磷元素及其有效态的影响较大,但不同流域的影响程度存在差异.不同流域的自然环境及人类活动方式明显影响了滨岸带氮磷的分布,人类活动方式对氮磷形态的影响更为显著.